Optimal adaptive protection of smart grids using high?set relays and smart selection of relay tripping characteristics considering different network configurations and operation modes

Much attention has been paid to optimizing smart grids (SGs) and microgrids (MGs) protection schemes. The SGs’ operation in different operating modes (especially grid-connected islanded conditions) various system configurations (such as the outage of each distribution generations) adversely influence system. adaptive schemes using setting groups are suitable reliable solutions achieve a fast protective However, literature shows research gap developing optimized schemes, focusing on constraint reduction, besides optimal selection time-current characteristics for direction overcurrent relays (DOCRs) high-set (HSRs). This aims fill such gap. power analyses, flow short circuit studies, done DIgSILENT, genetic algorithm (GA) is used find optimum solutions. Test results IEEE 38-bus illustrate advantages this study compared existing ones. comparative test emphasize that 31.78% 21.62% decrement time scheme topologies networks 14-bus systems could be achievable by simultaneously relay HSRs approaches.